A programming language is a formal language comprising a set of ordinant dictations that engender sundry kinds of output. Programming languages are utilized in computer programming to implement algorithms. Most programming languages consist of ordinary dictations for computers.
Programming Language refers to set of instructions that are provided to the computer to describe computations and generate executable programs. Every programming language has words, symbols and grammatical rules and these rules are Known as syntax. Each language has different set of syntax rules. Different programming languages have been developed to execute different programs.
A programming language is a set of rules that provides a way of telling a computer what operations to perform.
A programming language is a set of rules communicating an algorithm It provides a linguistic framework for describing computations.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
1. This language is independent of computer system i.e. instead of being machine-oriented it should be more oriented towards the given problem to be solved.
2. Each instruction of programming language should get converted into machine language instruction.
3. This language should be easy to understand and should use abbreviations and words that are used in everyday communication.
4. The language should be written using common words and mathematical symbols.
TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
1. First Generation Programming Language - This is a machine dependent language that can be understood by the computer. It was mostly used for addition and subtraction.
2. Second Generation Programming Language These are known as assembly languages and these need to be translated into one machine language. These were comparatively easier to write.
3. Third Generation Programming Language These were closer to English but included some mathematical notation as well. Eg. VB, C, C++. These are high-level languages.
4. Fourth Generation Programming Language - These languages require lesser instructions to complete a particular task. They are used with databases in Form Designers and Report Generators. These are very high level languages like SQL.
5. Fifth Generation Programming Language These are also known as declarative languages and are based on mathematical logics. They are also called natural languages.
✒MACHINE LANGUAGE OR FIRST GENERATION LANGUAGE:
The set of instruction codes which is directly understood by CPU of computer is known as machine language. It does not require any kind of translating program. This is basic computer language. Such programs vary from one computer to another i.e. they are machine dependent. Machine language consists of binary digits for performing internal operations which are easily understood by the computers. Machine language usually has two parts first part contains the command that tells what function needs to be performed and second part contains instruction that tells where to store the data or information. Such languages are used for adding, subtracting, writing and so on.
Advantages of Machine Language
- It is directly understood by the computer.
- No translating program is required.
- It is very fast and easy to be processed by the computer.
Disadvantages of Machine Language -
- It is machine dependent and vary from one computer to another.
- It is easily understood by computer but it is difficult for programmer to remember dozens of code numbers for different commands or refer to a reference card every time.
- It is difficult to locate errors in machine language and therefore, it is very difficult to modify it.
✒ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE OR SECOND GENERATION LANGUAGE:
These are low-level languages that allow users to use various abbreviations or other words instead of binary numbers. Each assembly language gets translated into machine instructions by assembler program. These languages are hardware dependent.
Advantages of Assembly Language
- It is easier to use and understand.
- It is easier to locate and rectify errors in this language.
- It is quite easier to modify the programs written in this language.
Disadvantages of Assembly Language
- It is hardware dependent.
- Knowledge of hardware is required to write program in this language.
✒High Level Language or Third Generation Language:
To overcome the difficulties with machine language and assembly language, these kind of languages were developed that allow programmers to describe various tasks in a form which is problem oriented instead of being computer oriented. Such instructions that are written in high level programs are called statements.
Advantages of High Level Language
- It is independent of machine. It is easy to use and learn.
- It has reduced occurrence of errors as the programmer need not write all small steps that are being carried out by the computer.
- Errors if any can be easily located in this language.
- It requires less time and effort and hence reduces the cost of programming.
Disadvantages of High Level Language
- The programs written in these languages take more time to run and require more main memory.
- These are less flexible as they are not under much control of programmer.
- They are based on more automatic features.
✒Fourth Generation Languages:
These are very high level languages which are much more user oriented. Such languages save a lot of time for programmers as they need not write as many lines of code as they usually write for other programs. These languages are used for report generation and interactive database management system.
✒Natural Languages or Fifth Generation Languages:
These languages allow questions or commands that can be framed in an interactive manner. Eg. You can easily state that I want sales data of last quarter.
Natural Languages are a part of artificial intelligence.
Top 10 programming language mostly used in 2021
The list of top ten Programming Languages mostly used in 2021 are as under:
- Python.
- JavaScript.
- Java.
- C++
- GoLang.
- C#
- SQL.
- Dart.
- R
- PHP
There are around 600 programming languages out there. The authoritative ordinance and popularity of programming languages fluctuate every year.
Additionally, I will summarize the programming languages along with historical context, key features, and primary use cases.
The explanation of these Languages are as under:
1. Python
When Guido van Rossum developed Python in the 1990s as his side project, nobody has thought it would be the most popular programming language one day. Considering all well-apperceived rankings and industry trends, I put Python as the number one programming language overall.
Python has not visually perceived a meteoric ascend in popularity like Java or C/C++. Additionally, Python is not a disruptive programming language. But from the very beginning, Python has fixated on developer experience and endeavored to lower the barrier to programming so that school kids can withal inscribe engenderment-grade code.
In 2008, Python went through a massive overhaul and amendment with the cost of introducing paramount breaking changes by introducing Python 3.
Today, Python is omnipresent and utilized in many areas of software development, with no designation of decelerating.
Features in Python:
- Facile to code: Python is a high-level programming language.
- Free and Open Source.
- Object-Oriented Language.
- GUI Programming Support.
- High-Level Language.
- Extensible feature.
- Python is Portable language.
- Python is Integrated language
2. Javascript
JavaScript, often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language that conforms to the ECMAScript designation. JavaScript is high-level, often just-in-time compiled, and multi-paradigm. It has curly-bracket syntax, dynamic inditing, archetype-predicated object-orientation, and first-class functions.
JavaScript is a programming language commonly utilized in web development. It was pristinely developed by Netscape as an expedient to integrate dynamic and interactive elements to websites. While JavaScript is influenced by Java, the syntax is more akin to C and is predicated on ECMAScript, a scripting language developed by Sun Microsystems.
JavaScript is a client-side scripting language, which betokens the source code is processed by the client's web browser rather than on the web server. This betokens JavaScript functions can run after a webpage has loaded without communicating with the server. For example, a JavaScript function may check a web form afore it is submitted to ascertain all the required fields have been filled out. The JavaScript code can engender an error message afore any information is genuinely transmitted to the server.
Like server-side scripting languages, such as PHP and ASP, JavaScript code can be inserted anywhere within the HTML of a webpage. However, only the output of server-side code is exhibited in the HTML, while JavaScript code remains plenarily visible in the source of the webpage. It can withal be referenced in a separate .JS file, which may withal be viewed in a browser.
Features of JavaScript:
- JavaScript is a object-predicated scripting language.
- Giving the utilizer more control over the browser.
- It Handling dates and time.
- It Detecting the utilizer's browser and OS.
- It is light weighted.
- JavaScript is a scripting language and it is not java.
- JavaScript is interpreter predicated scripting language.
3. JAVA
Java is a high-level programming language developed by Sun Microsystems. It was pristinely designed for developing programs for set-top boxes and handheld contrivances, but later became a popular cull for engendering web applications.
The Java syntax is homogeneous to C++, but is stringently an object-oriented programming language.
Java is a general purpose, high-level programming language first relinquished by Sun Microsystems in 1995. It is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible, is in liberty to utilize, and can run on all platforms. It is concurrent, class-predicated, and object-oriented. Simply put, Java is a computing platform where users can develop applications.
Java is homogeneous to C++ but is simplified to eliminate language features that cause prevalent programming errors. The source code files, betokening files with a .java extension, are compiled into a format kenned as bytecode, which are files with a .class extension. This can then be executed by a Java interpreter. Bytecode can be directly converted into machine language ordinant dictations by a just-in-time compiler.
Features of java:
- Object Oriented. In Java, everything is an Object.
- Platform Independent.
- Simple.
- Secure.
- Architecture-neutral.
- Portable.
- Robust.
- Multithreaded.
4. C++
C/C++ C is a high-level programming language that was developed in the mid-1970s. ... C++, pronounced "C plus plus," is a programming language that was built off the C language. The syntax of C++ is proximately identical to C, but it has object-oriented features, which sanction the programmer to engender objects within the code.
C++ is an object-oriented programming (OOP) language that is viewed by many as the best language for engendering astronomically immense-scale applications. C++ is a superset of the C language.
A cognate programming language, Java, is predicated on C++ but optimized for the distribution of program objects in a network such as the Internet. Java is marginally simpler and more facile to learn than C++ and has characteristics that give it other advantages over C++. However, both languages require a considerable quantity of study.
Features of C++:
- OOP (Object-Oriented Programming) C++ is an object-oriented language, unlike C which is a procedural language. ...
- Platform or Machine Independent/ Portable.
- Simple.
- High-level programming language.
- Popular.
- Case sensitive.
- Compiler-Based.
- DMA (Dynamic Memory Allocation).
5.GoLang
Go is a statically inscribed, compiled programming language designed at Google by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson. Go is syntactically akin to C, but with recollection safety, garbage amassment, structural inditing, and CSP-style concurrency.
Go (additionally called Golang or Go language) is an open source programming language utilized for general purport. Go was developed by Google engineers to engender dependable and efficient software. Most similarly modeled after C, Go is statically indited and explicit.
The language was designed by taking inspiration for the productivity and relative simplicity of Python, with the competency of C. Some of the quandaries that Go addresses are gradual build time, uncontrolled dependencies, effort duplication, arduousness of inscribing automatic implements and cross-language development.
Go works by utilizing "goroutines," or lightweight processes, which sanctions further efficiencies. Go additionally uses an accumulation of packages for efficient dependency management.
Features of GoLang:
- Binaries: Go engenders binaries for your applications with all the dependencies built-in.
- Language Design: The designers of the language made a conscious decision to keep the language simple and facile to understand.
- Potent standard library.
- Package Management.
- Static Inditing.
- Concurrency Support.
- Testing Support.
6.C#
C# (pronounced "C Sharp") is a programming language developed by Microsoft. It was introduced in 2002 with version 1.0 of Microsoft's . NET Framework. ... It utilizes the same rudimental operators as C++, is object oriented, case sensitive, and has proximately identical syntax.
C# is a general-purport, modern and object-oriented programming language pronounced as “C sharp”. It was developed by Microsoft led by Anders Hejlsberg and his team within the .Net initiative and was approved by the European Computer Manufacturers Sodality (ECMA) and International Standards Organization (ISO). C# is among the languages for Prevalent Language Infrastructure and the current version of C# is version 7.2. C# is a lot kindred to Java syntactically and is facile for the users who have cognizance of C, C++ or Java.
Features of C#:
- Simple.
- Modern programming language.
- Object oriented.
- Type safe.
- Interoperability.
- Scalable and Updateable.
- Component oriented.
- Structured programming language.
7.SQL
SQL is a domain-categorical language utilized in programming and designed for managing data held in a relational database management system, or for stream processing in a relational data stream management system.
- SQL stands for Structured Query Language.
- SQL lets you access and manipulate databases
- SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986, and of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1987.
Features of SQL:
- Data Definition language (DDL): It contains of commands which defines the data.
- Data Manipulation Language (DML).
- Triggers.
- Client server execution and remote database access.
- Security and authentication:
- Embedded SQL.
- Transaction Control Language:
- Advanced SQL
8.Dart
Dart is a programming language designed for client development, such as for the web and mobile apps. It is developed by Google and can additionally be acclimated to build server and desktop applications. Dart is an object-oriented, class-predicated, garbage-accumulated language with C-style syntax.
Dart is an object-oriented, class-predicated, garbage-accumulated language with C-style syntax.Dart can compile to either native code or JavaScript. It fortifies interfaces, mixins, abstract classes, reified generics, and type inference.
Features of dart:
- Open Source. Dart is an open-source programming language, which means it is freely available.
- Platform Independent.
- Object-Oriented.
- Concurrency.
- Extensive Libraries.
- Easy to learn.
- Flexible Compilation.
- Type Safe.
9.R
R is a programming language and gratuitous software environment for statistical computing and graphics fortified by the R Substructure for Statistical Computing. The R language is widely used among statisticians and data miners for developing statistical software and data analysis.
R is a language and environment for statistical computing and graphics. It is a GNU project which is homogeneous to the S language and environment which was developed at Bell Laboratories (formerly AT&T, now Lucent Technologies) by John Chambers and colleagues. R can be considered as a different implementation of S.
Features of R language:
- Open-source. R is an open-source software environment.
- Strong Graphical Capabilities.
- Highly Active Community.
- A Wide Selection of Packages.
- Comprehensive Environment.
- Can Perform Complex Statistical Calculations.
- Distributed Computing.
- Running Code Without a Compiler.
10.PHP
PHP is a general-purport scripting language especially suited to web development. It was pristinely engendered by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994. The PHP reference implementation is now engendered by The PHP Group.
PHP is a recursive acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor".
PHP is a server side scripting language that is embedded in HTML. It is utilized to manage dynamic content, databases, session tracking, even build entire e-commerce sites.
It is integrated with a number of popular databases, including MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, and Microsoft SQL Server.
PHP is gratifyingly zippy in its execution, especially when compiled as an Apache module on the Unix side. The MySQL server, once commenced, executes even very intricate queries with immensely colossal result sets in record-setting time.
Features of PHP:
- Features of Php. It is most popular and frequently used world wide scripting language, the main reason of popularity is; It is open source and very simple.
- Simple.
- Interpreted.
- Faster.
- Open Source.
- Platform Independent.
- Case Sensitive.
- Error Reporting.
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