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What is CSS ? It's types, properties, advantages, disadvantages and limitations | Quicky Tech

Ravia Akhtar May 06, 2021

INTRODUCTION TO CSS

CSS refers to Cascading Style Sheets. These sheets describe how HTML elements will be displayed on the screen. CSS can be defined as a design language which is used to make web pages more presentable.

CSS is designed to enable the disunion of presentation and content, including layout, colors, and fonts. This disseverment can ameliorate content accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the designation of presentation characteristics, enable multiple web pages to apportion formatting by designating the germane CSS in a separate .css file which minimizes intricacy and repetition in the structural content as well as enabling the .css file to be cached to ameliorate the page load speed between the pages that share the file and its formatting.

Disseverment of formatting and content withal makes it feasible to present the same markup page in different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (via verbalization-predicated browser or screen reader), and on Braille-predicated tactile contrivances. CSS withal has rules for alternate formatting if the content is accessed on a mobile contrivance.

The designation cascading emanates from the designated priority scheme to determine which style rule applies if more than one rule matches a particular element. This cascading priority scheme is prognosticable.

The CSS designations are maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Internet media type (MIME type) text/css is registered for use with CSS by RFC 2318 (March 1998). The W3C operates a free CSS validation accommodation for CSS documents.

In additament to HTML, other markup languages support the utilization of CSS including XHTML, plain XML, SVG, and XUL.


The details of CSS can be summarized as mentioned below -
  • Determines how the elements in our XHTML documents are displayed and formatted.
  • Designed to separate the content of a web page from the presentation of that content.
  • Enables us to make all pages of our website look similar and consistent (font, color, etc.).
  • Allows us to make site-wide formatting changes from a single location (rather than having to edit each page individually).

Uses of CSS-CSS is used to design various styles for different web pages. It can be used to control the following elements -

  • Text color
  • Font style
  • Spacing between paragraphs
  •  Layout and size of column
  • Background images
  • Background colors
  • Layout design
  •  Other effects

What is CSS?

  • Cascading Style Sheets.
  • Contains the rules for the presentation of HTML.
  • CSS was introduced to keep the presentation information separate from HTML markup (content).
  • CSS describes how HTML elements are to be exhibited on screen, paper, or in other media.
  • CSS preserves an abundance of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once.
  • External stylesheets are stored in CSS files.


Example of CSS for center alignment and color change:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
"center"
text-align: center;
color: red;
</style>
</head>
<body>
<hl class="center">Red and center-aligned heading</h1>
<p> class="center">Red and center-aligned paragraph</p>
</body>
 </html>

Here are several simple CSS examples to show you how to make some basic styling changes on your web page:

  • Basic CSS Code for Easy Paragraph Formatting. ...
  • Change Letter Case. ...
  • Change Link Colors. ...
  • Remove Link Underlines. ...
  • Make a Link Button With CSS Code. ...
  • Create a Text Box. ...
  • Center-Align Elements. ...
  • CSS Examples for Adjusting Padding.

Types of CSS:

Cascading Style Sheet(CSS) is utilized to set the style in web pages that contain HTML elements. It sets the background color, font-size, font-family, color, … etc property of elements on a web page.

There are three types of CSS which are given below:

    • Inline CSS
    • Internal or Embedded CSS
    • External CSS



  • Inline CSS: Inline CSS contains the CSS property in the body section affixed with element is kenned as inline CSS. This kind of style is designated within an HTML tag utilizing the style attribute.
  • Internal or Embedded CSS: This can be used when a single HTML document must be styled uniquely. The CSS rule set should be within the HTML file in the head section i.e the CSS is embedded within the HTML file.
  • External CSS: External CSS contains separate CSS file which contains only style property with the avail of tag attributes (For example class, id, heading, … etc). CSS property indited in a separate file with .css extension and should be linked to the HTML document utilizing link tag. This betokens that for each element, style can be set only once and that will be applied across web pages.

Advantages of CSS:

  • These sheets save lot of time and work as they can control layout of multiple web pages.
  • CSS helps load web pages faster as you need not write HTML tag attributes every time.
  • CSS is easy to maintain. If you change the style, all other elements will be automatically updated. CSS provides superior styles as compared to simple HTML.


Disadvantages of CSS:

  • CSS, CSS 1 up to CSS3, result in engendering of perplexity among web browsers.
  • With CSS, what works with one browser might not always work with another. 
  • There subsists a scarcity of security.
  • After making the vicissitudes we require to substantiate the compatibility if they appear.




Limitations of css:


Selectors are unable to ascend

  • CSS currently offers no way to cull a parent or forebear of an element that slakes certain criteria.
  • CSS Selectors Level 4, which is still in Working Draft status, proposes such a selector, but only as a component of the consummate "snapshot" selector profile, not the expeditious "live" profile utilized in dynamic CSS styling.
  • A more advanced selector scheme (such as XPath) would enable more sophisticated style sheets. The major reasons for the CSS Working Group aforetime repudiating proposals for parent selectors are cognate to browser performance and incremental rendering issues.
Cannot explicitly declare incipient scope independently of position
  • Scoping rules for properties such as z-index probe for the most proximate parent element with a position:absolute or position:relative attribute. 
  • This aberrant coupling has undesired effects. 
  • For example, it is infeasible to eschew declaring an incipient scope when one is coerced to adjust an element's position, averting one from utilizing the desired scope of a parent element.                                                                               
Pseudo-class dynamic demeanor not controllable
  • CSS implements pseudo-classes that sanction a degree of utilizer feedback by conditional application of alternate styles. 
  • One CSS pseudo-class, ":hover", is dynamic (equipollent of JavaScript "onmouseover") and has potential for misuse (e.g., implementing cursor-proximity popups), but CSS has no facility for a client to incapacitate it (no "incapacitate"-like property) or limit its effects (no "nochange"-like values for each property).
Cannot name rules
  • There is no way to designate a CSS rule, which would sanction (for example) client-side scripts to refer to the rule even if its selector changes.
Cannot include styles from a rule into another rule
  • CSS styles often must be duplicated in several rules to achieve a desired effect, causing supplemental maintenance and requiring more exhaustive testing.
  • Some incipient CSS features were proposed to solve this, but were forsook afterwards.
Cannot target concrete text without altering markup
  • Besides the first-letter pseudo-element, one cannot target categorical ranges of text without needing to utilize place-holder elements.

Properties of CSS:

  • Inline CSS has the highest priority, then comes Internal/Embedded followed by External CSS which has the least priority. 
  • Multiple style sheets can be defined on one page. If for an HTML tag, styles are defined in multiple style sheets then the below order will be followed.
  • As Inline has the highest priority, any styles that are defined in the internal and external style sheets are overridden by Inline styles.
  • Internal or Embedded stands second in the priority list and overrides the styles in the external style sheet.
  • External style sheets have the least priority. If there are no styles defined either in inline or internal style sheet then external style sheet rules are applied for the HTML tags.




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